Overexpression of SIRT3 Suppresses Oxidative Stress-induced Neurotoxicity and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Dopaminergic Neuronal Cells

Sirtuin 3 (SIRT3), a well-known mitochondrial deacetylase, is involved in mitochondrial function and metabolism under various stress conditions. In this study, we found that the expression of SIRT3 was markedly increased by oxidative stress in dopaminergic neuronal cells. In addition, SIRT3 overexpression enhanced mitochondrial activity in differentiated SH-SY5Y cells. We also showed that SIRT3 overexpression attenuated rotenoneor H2 O2 -induced toxicity in differentiated SH-SY5Y cells (human dopaminergic cell line). We further found that knockdown of SIRT3 enhanced rotenone- or H2 O2 -induced toxicity in differentiated SH-SY5Y cells. Moreover, overexpression of SIRT3 mitigated cell death caused by LPS/IFN-γ stimulation in astrocytes. We also found that the rotenone treatment increases the level of SIRT3 in Drosophila brain. We observed that downregulation of sirt2 (Drosophila homologue of SIRT3) significantly accelerated the rotenone-induced toxicity in flies. Taken together, these findings suggest that the overexpression of SIRT3 mitigates oxidative stress-induced cell death and mitochondrial dysfunction in dopaminergic neurons and astrocytes.

Correlations between the Thickness of the Mandible and the Bone Mineral Density according to the Dentition / 체질인류학회지

The morphometric data which reflect the quality and quantity of the mandible are very important to the surgeon for the mandible. It is very useful clinically to predict the status of the mandible indirectly by other medical examinations. This study was undertaken to clarify the correlations of the mandible and dentition to predict the thickness and bone mineral density of the mandible. Sixty-one mandibles (32 M/29 F, mean age: 66.72 years) obtained from the collection of the Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology of Hanyang Medical College were analyzed. The bone mineral density was measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. In the mandible, bone mineral densities at the mandiblular angle, between molars and premolars, around incisors and the thickness, and the length at the sections through the 1st and the 2nd molars were measured. The data were analysed with SPSS 12.0 program (One-Way ANOVA) according to age, gender and dentition, to verify the statistical significance and the correlation between the thickness and bone mineral densities. The obtained results were as follows. 1. The bone mineral density in the mandibular areas were variable, but statistically insignificant except incisor area. The bone density of the mandible was highly correlated with the thickness of cortical bones and the highest correlation coefficient was shown in sum of the thickness of buccal and lingual cortical bone (correlation coefficient, r=0.622) 2. The thickness of cortical bones at the sections through the molars in the man were greater than those in the woman. The correlation coefficient between the thickness and bone mineral density at the molars were greater in the woman. 3. The bone mineral density of whole mandible, the thickness of lingual and basal cortical bones and the height of alveolar ridge were significantly higher in the specimens with both of the 1st and 2nd mandibular molar teeth. The results of this study represents the significant differences of bone mineral density in the mandible according to gender and dentition and also the significant correlation between the bone mineral density and the thickness of cortical bone.

Correlations of Bone Mineral Density between Mandible and Vertebra, Forearm, and Femur / 체질인류학회지

Generally, osteoporosis is caused by the age-related physiologic bone loss. In cases of severe osteoporosis, the reduced bone mass and increaed skeletal fragility make the risk of fracture high. Recently, the relationship between the mandible and the condition of the skeletal bone, the molphometric data about the quality and quantity of the mandible are very important in the diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis. This study was undertaken to clarify the correlations of the mineral density between mandible and other bones, to predict the bone mineral density (BMD) of the mandible. Cervical (2nd~5th) and lumbar (1st~4th) vertebrae, the bones of forearm and proximal femurs, mandibles from 42-embalmed cadavers (22/M, 20/F, mean age: 66.95 years) were examined. The BMD was measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. The data were analysed with SPSS 12.0 program according to age, gender, to verify the statistical significance. 1. The BMD in the mandibular areas were variable. The BMD in the angle of the mandible (mean 0.40 g/cm2) was similar with that of ultra-distal part of the forearm (mean 0.34 g/cm2). 2. The BMD in the mandible was highly correlated with that of around the forearm. The correlation coefficient between density in the angle, the part between 1st and 2nd molar, the part between 1st molar and 2nd premolar and incisor portion of the mandible and density in the 1/3-distal part of the forearm was high (r=0.742, 0.697, 0.618, 0.652). The correlation coefficient between density in the part between 1st and 2nd premolar and density in the total femur was high (r=0.542). 3. The BMD in the mandible was correlated with that of around the femur neck (r=0.607). 4. The correlation coefficient between the BMD in the 1st and 2nd molar of the mandible and the BMD in the 5th cervical vertebra was high (r=0.543). And also, the correlation coefficient between the BMD in the incisor area of the mandible and the BMD in the 3rd lumbar vertebra was high (r=0.561). 5. Bony status of the mandible was classified into normal, osteopenia, osteoporosis by BMD of WHO criteria. The data represented that BMD of the mandible was decreased as BMD of the skeletal bones decreased. It is concluded that it could be possible to predict BMD of the mandible by the measurement of BMD in the forearm.

The Position of Mandibular Canal in the Sections of the Mandible / 체질인류학회지

The complications and sequelae after the mandibular surgery are related to inferior alveolar neurovascular bundles, which pass through the mandibular canal. The knowledge of their positions would decrease the risk of mandibular surgery dramatically and would be used for the development of the new surgical techniques. This study was undertaken to clarify the anatomical position of mandibular canal for the mandibular surgery. Forty four mandibules (23 males and 21 females average 66.5 years) obtained from the collection of Hanyang medical college were studied. The location of mandibular canal in the sections between premolars and molars were measured. The obtained results were as follows; At first, the mandibular canal lay lingual to the distal part of the body of the mandible. It then ran anteriorly and to the buccal part of the mandible between the first and the second premolars. In the sections between premolars and molars, the distance between the mandibular canal and the lower border of mandibular body was 8.9+/-1.9 mm at the position of the first molar, the distance between the deepest point of the alveolar socket and the mandibular canal was 9.5+/-3.5 mm at the second molar, which was the narrowest point. The results of this study would be useful to decrease the risk of the mandibular surgery and to develop the new techniques for mandibul surgery in the field of the dentistry and maxillofacial surgery.

Anthropometric Study on the Location of the Mental Foramen / 체질인류학회지

The Mental foramen is the exit of the mandibular canal through which the mental nerve pass. The location of the mental foramen, an anthropologically valuable structure, is not only influenced by factors such as tooth attrition, age, loss of teeth, and alveolar bone resorption but also race, diet and geographical position. This study was undertaken to clarify the anthropological characteristics of the location of the mental foramina in the mandibles of the selected Korean population. Forty four mandibles (23 males and 21 females with average age of 66.5 years obtained from the collection of the department of anatomy and cell biology of Hanyang medical college were studied. The apparent position of mental foramen in relation to the mandibular teeth and the true position of mental foramen in relation to the body of the mandible were measured. The obtained results were as follows: In 89% of 35 mandibular sides the mental foramen was located around the second premolar, the most commonly between the second premolar and the first molar, which belongs to type V according to Wang et al. (1986). The distances from the alveolar bone crest across the mental foramen to the lower border of the mandible was 27.4+/-2.4 mm. The mean distances from mental foramen to the alveolar crest and lower border were 12.1+/-2.3 and 13.1+/-2.0 mm, respectively. The mean position of mental foramen was 4.08 on the line between the second premolar and the first molar. The mental foramen of selected Korean population was located more posterioly when compared with many previous reports from various races. The results of this study would be useful to clarify the anthropological position of the mental foramen in Korean.

Morphometry of the Korean Nasal Turbinates / 체질인류학회지

Recently, with the increasing interests in the endoscopic nasal surgery, it is essential for practitioners to have detailed knowledges of the anatomical structures for the successful surgery. This study was undertaken to provide morphological information of the nasal turbinates as anatomical reference during endoscopic nasal surgery. A total of 43 adult cadaver heads were bisected midsagitally and evaluated morphometrically. The results were as follows: The highest nasal turbinatee were observed in 66.7% of the case. After removal of the mucosa, the distances from the akanthion to the anterior end of superior, middle, inferior nasal turbinate were 46.75 mm, 38.23 mm, 18.51 mm respectively. The distances from the akanthion to the posterior end of superior, middle, inferior nasal turbinate were 55.11 mm, 54.72 mm, 50.26 mm respectively. The lengths of the superior, middle, inferior nasal turbinate were 22.20 mm, 40.14 mm, 40.97 mm respectively. The detailed measurements of the nasal turbinates performed in this study may provide useful anatomical landmarks for the endonasal endoscopic surgery.

The Morphology and Anatomical Location of the Sphenopalatine Foramen / 체질인류학회지

This study aims to investigate the anatomical information of the sphenopalatine foramen with special reference to the bleeding control of the sphenopalatine artery and to the blockage of the pterygopalatine ganglion during functional endoscopic sinus surgery. Forty-three midsagittal sectioned Korean heads were used in the study. The mucosa on the lateral nasal wall was removed for showing the sphenopalatine foramen. The shapes of the sphenopalatine foramen were classified by 4 types. Angle from the akanthion and distances from akanthion, conchae, sphenoidal sinus and greater palatine foramen were measured. The sphenopalatine foramen was frequently found as oval shape and bilateral symmetry of 28.6%. The vertical length was 5.5 mm, the horizontal length was 5.3 mm. The most anterior point of the sphenopalatine foramen was located on 54.4 mm few and angles were between 15.9degrees and 22.1degrees from akanthion. The distances were 36.2 mm from anterior end of middle nasal concha, 6.2 mm from posterior end of middle nasal concha, 27.2 mm from greater palatine foramen. The uppermost point of the sphenopalatine foramen was located on 22.3 mm from the most superoanterior end of the sphenoidal sinus, 18.6 mm from the lowermost end of the sphenoidal sinus. This study could be useful to provide the confidence about the location of the sphenopalatine foramen during functional endoscopic sinus surgery.